Functional loss of semaphorin 3C and/or semaphorin 3D and their epistatic interaction with Ret are critical to Hirschsprung disease liability
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Qian Jiang Stacey Arnold Tiffany Heanue Krishna Praneeth Kilambi Betty Doan Ashish Kapoor Albee Yun Ling Maria X Sosa Moltu Guy Qingguang Jiang Grzegorz Burzynski Kristen West Seneca Bessling Paola Griseri Jeanne Amiel Raquel M Fernandez Joke BGM Verheij Robert MW Hofstra Salud Borrego Stanislas Lyonnet Isabella Ceccherini Jeffrey J Gray Vassilis Pachnis Andrew S McCallion Aravinda ChakravartiAbstract
Innervation of the gut is segmentally lost in Hirschsprung disease (HSCR), a consequence of cell-autonomous and non-autonomous defects in enteric neuronal cell differentiation, proliferation, migration, or survival. Rare, high-penetrance coding variants and common, low-penetrance non-coding variants in 13 genes are known to underlie HSCR risk, with the most frequent variants in the ret proto-oncogene (RET). We used a genome-wide association (220 trios) and replication (429 trios) study to reveal a second non-coding variant distal to RET and a non-coding allele on chromosome 7 within the class 3 Semaphorin gene cluster. Analysis in Ret wild-type and Ret-null mice demonstrates specific expression of Sema3a, Sema3c, and Sema3d in the enteric nervous system (ENS). In zebrafish embryos, sema3 knockdowns show reduction of migratory ENS precursors with complete ablation under conjoint ret loss of function. Seven candidate receptors of Sema3 proteins are also expressed within the mouse ENS and their expression is also lost in the ENS of Ret-null embryos. Sequencing of SEMA3A, SEMA3C, and SEMA3D in 254 HSCR-affected subjects followed by in silico protein structure modeling and functional analyses identified five disease-associated alleles with loss-of-function defects in semaphorin dimerization and binding to their cognate neuropilin and plexin receptors. Thus, semaphorin 3C/3D signaling is an evolutionarily conserved regulator of ENS development whose dys-regulation is a cause of enteric aganglionosis.
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Volume 96
Issue number 4
Pages 581-596
Available online
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Publisher website (DOI) 10.1016/j.ajhg.2015.02.014
Europe PubMed Central 25839327
Pubmed 25839327
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