Publication highlights

Here we describe our discovery that preservation of specific cellular geometry across a range of cell sizes is essential for correct division site positioning and survival, demonstrating the organismal-level function for scaling.

The priming signals in sterile chronic inflammatory diseases remained elusive. Moreover, NETs were mostly thought to serve as an antimicrobial defence mechanism. This work showed that NETs are proinflammatory and provide the priming signals for inflammation in atherosclerosis. It has important implications for our understanding of the mechanisms driving many inflammatory conditions and the important amplification mechanisms involving neutrophil-macrophage crosstalk.

The paper was a broad collaboration with a team from one of our Partner Institutions and others, and illustrates how our learning from insights in the PKC field, here concerning kinase nucleotide pocket occupation, can impact our understanding of the broader kinome. Specifically the work demonstrates that the pseudokinase HER3 which is upregulated in cancer and drug resistance settings, undergoes essential nucleotide pocket occupation dependent changes in conformation to drive HER2 partner dependent signalling. Of importance clinically, the paper offers a route to small molecule-based intervention and also raises questions of inhibitor liability associated with HER3.

We demonstrated aberrant intron retention in ALS-causing mutations. This is the first description of abnormal intron retention in ALS. The most significantly retained intron in is the SFPQ transcript, which 'drags' SFPQ protein out of the nucleus. SFPQ nuclear loss is a new universal molecular hallmark of ALS across iPSC, mouse models and in sporadic ALS post-mortem tissue.

We report a new and powerful metabolic anti-stress mechanism, ‘Lysine harvesting’, that protects microbial cells in stress situations. We noticed that extracellular lysine is taken up to reach concentrations up to 100x higher than those required for growth. Uptake is dependent on the polyamine pathway, connected via promiscuous metabolic reactions, and triggers a reprogramming of redox metabolism: NADPH is channelled into glutathione metabolism, leading to a large increase in glutathione, lower levels of reactive oxygen species and increased oxidant tolerance. Therefore, nutrient uptake occurs not only to enable cell growth, but allows cells to reconfigure their metabolism to preventatively mount stress protection.

Conventional dendritic cells (cDCs) originate from a committed precursor in bone marrow (BM) that exits via the blood as a pre-cDC to seed tissues with the cDC1 and cDC2 subsets. We used a multi-colour genetic tracing mouse model to analyse colonisation of tissues by pre-cDC. We found that cDCs in tissues comprise clones mostly composed of a single cDC subset and that ‘flu infection causes an efflux of pre-cDCs from BM and influx into the lungs. The latter finding indicates that cDCpoiesis is responsive to emergency need, which suggests previously undiscovered communication between tissues and cDC progenitors in BM.

In this paper we showed that cDC1 recruitment and infiltration in several mouse tumour models depends on the chemokines CCL5 and XCL1 produced by NK cells. In human cancers, CCL5/XCL chemokine transcripts correlate with gene signatures for NK cells and cDC1 and predict overall survival in melanoma, head and neck cancer, breast cancer and lung adenocarcinoma. Therefore, our data uncovered a mechanism for cDC1 recruitment into tumours that is translatable to humans and cancer patient survival.

Protein ubiquitination is a key regulatory mechanism and E3 ubiquitin ligases are the key mediators of ubiquitination providing specificity to the process. In this study we describe the application of fragment-based covalent ligand screening to target the active site of an E3 ubiquitin ligase (HOIP) for which previously no specific inhibitors were known. Combining chemical biology, X-ray crystallography, chemoproteomics and cell biology we were able to identify a covalent binder for HOIP that now forms the basis for further inhibitor development. This study illustrates more generally the power of fragment-based covalent ligand screening to identify lead compounds against challenging targets.

Here we determined the structure by single particle cryo-EM of capsid assembly in an endogenous retrovirus. This is the first atomic resolution structure of a closed capsid shell, which in retroviruses packages and protects the genome. By studying 4 different types of symmetric assemblies, we discovered how the underlying Fullerene geometry is achieved by the CA protein forming both pentamers and hexamers and found structural rules by which invariant pentamers and structurally plastic hexamers associate to form the unique polyhedral structures.

Taking advantage of our sgRNA library, we performed a large-scale characterisation of CRISPR-induced in/del patterns and discovered that Cas9-induced double strand breaks are repaired in a predictable or unpredictable way, depending on the target site. These findings provided the broad scientific community with guidelines for a more effective and safer use of CRISPR technology, with important implications for clinical applications. They also revealed a striking influence of DNA sequence in dictating DSB repair outcomes and laid the foundation for future mechanistic studies that can increase our understanding of end-joining processes in human cells.

Animals engage actively with their environment, yet how active sampling strategies impact neural activity was unknown. We showed that mice adapt sniffing during learning in a way that enhances neuronal representation. Furthermore, this work resolves a long-standing conundrum that seemingly non-olfactory information is prominently represented in the OB: context influences sniffing, which in turn changes neural activity.

This paper, and another published the same year (Gentsch GE et al. (2019) iScience, 16, 485-498), analysed gene activation in the early Xenopus embryo and asked what causes cells to become competent to respond to Wnt, Nodal and BMP signalling. We identified regulatory DNA sequences associated with early-expressed genes, and deduced from them that the maternal pluripotency factors Pou5f3 and Sox3 remodel compacted chromatin before the onset of inductive signalling. This remodelling includes the opening and marking of thousands of regulatory elements, extensive chromatin looping, and the co-recruitment of signal-mediating transcription factors. Our work informs our understanding of how pluripotent stem cells interpret inductive signals.

This paper demonstrates a cell intrinsic role for AHR in intestinal stem cells. AHR deficiency in intestinal epithelium causes dysregulation of the Wnt pathway, overproliferation of crypt stem cells and impaired epithelial differentiation following injury, culminating in tumorigenesis.

SCAF4 and SCAF8 were isolated in the mid-90s as proteins that bind the RNAPII C-terminal repeat domain (CTD) but little or nothing was known about their cellular function. This paper describes their function as the first eukaryotic mRNA anti-terminator proteins. Together, SCAF4 and SCAF8 coordinate the transition between elongation and termination, ensuring correct polyA site selection and RNAPII transcriptional termination in human cells.

We analysed the first 100 TRACERx patients to unravel how escape from adaptive immunity occurs in non-small cell lung cancer. Immune ‘hot’ tumours, characterised by a brisk lymphoid infiltrate, had been selected for HLA LOH or deleterious mutations in the antigen presentation machinery. In contrast immune ‘cold’ tumours with an absent lymphoid infiltrate had lost clonal neoantigens through DNA copy number loss events. We found evidence for negative selection of subclones early in tumour evolution harbouring neoantigens in genes essential for non-small cell lung cancer viability. Patient outcome was worse for tumours with evidence of an immune evasion event.

This paper represents an important step forward in our understanding of ATG9, the only multi-spanning autophagy protein and a major focus of my lab’s current work. Here we discovered the composition of the ATG9 vesicle and uncovered an important role for a protein which can induce membrane curvature and a lipid kinase. I chose this work as it has provided us with important insights into the function of ATG9A.

This paper follows on from our work on WAC and the role of centrosomes in autophagy. We discovered an important centriolar protein has a specific motif (LIR motif) enabling its binding to a key autophagy protein. In collaborative work, we determined the structure and the important features of the LIR motif, and extended the findings to a group of autophagy proteins to provide an important advance on our understanding of selective autophagy. I chose this work because it is a tour de force of structure and biochemistry and a very substantial collaboration between Structural Biology and Peptide Chemistry STPs